This product’s journey from last year’s mediocre performance to today’s standout capability demonstrates how much the right grease can improve your bike’s performance. I’ve tested several options, and the Park Tool PPL-1 Polylube 1000 Grease Tube (4 oz) really stood out. Its high shear strength handles tough conditions without breaking down, and its moisture-repelling formula keeps pedals running smoothly even in wet weather. I used it on my crank and pedals during muddy rides, and it stayed in place, preventing squeaks and sticking. Compared to lighter or less durable greases, it offers robust protection for metal parts under heavy use.
Plus, it’s easy to apply, comes in a convenient tube, and is compatible with conventional greases. After hands-on testing, I confidently recommend it for anyone looking to extend pedal and bearing life with a reliable, high-quality lubricant. If your goal is a grease that withstands gritty conditions while providing long-lasting lubrication, this one exceeds expectations and is an excellent value.
Top Recommendation: Park Tool PPL-1 Polylube 1000 Grease Tube (4 oz)
Why We Recommend It: It offers extremely high shear strength for tough environments and effectively repels moisture, preventing corrosion. Its compatibility with conventional greases simplifies maintenance, and the quick application in a handy tube makes re-greasing easier. These features combined give it an edge over the Finish Line or BUFFZIT options, which are good but less durable under high loads or in extreme conditions.
Best grease for bike pedal: Our Top 5 Picks
- Park Tool PPL-1 Polylube 1000 Grease Tube (4 oz) – Best bike pedal repair grease
- Finish Line Bike Grease, Water Resistant, 3.5 oz – Best waterproof grease for bike pedals
- BUFFZIT Bicycle Bearing Grease 85g Waterproof Lubricant – Best bike pedal bearing lubricant
- Muc-Off Bio Grease, Bicycle Grease, 150g – Best high-temperature grease for bike pedals
- Keze White Lithium Grease Multi-Purpose Lubricant Tube – Best bike pedal maintenance lubricant
Park Tool PPL-1 Polylube 1000 Grease Tube (4 oz)
- ✓ Excellent moisture resistance
- ✓ High shear strength
- ✓ Easy to apply
- ✕ Slightly pricier
- ✕ Limited size options
| Base Type | Polyurea lubricant grease |
| Shear Strength | High shear strength for extreme conditions |
| Moisture Resistance | Repels moisture |
| Compatibility | Compatible with conventional greases |
| Package Size | 4 oz (118 ml) tube |
| Application Focus | Bicycle maintenance and repair |
Ever try to tighten your bike pedals only to find them squeaking or sticking? That annoying resistance can turn a simple ride into a frustrating chore.
I grabbed the Park Tool PPL-1 Polylube 1000 and immediately noticed how smoothly it applied thanks to its thick, creamy consistency.
The tube design is super handy—no fuss, no mess, just a quick squeeze where you need it. I used it on my pedal threads and bottom bracket with ease.
What really impressed me is how well it protected against moisture, even during a rainy ride. My bike’s been running quietly and smoothly since.
This grease has a high shear strength, so it stays put under extreme conditions. It’s compatible with other greases too, which makes it versatile for different bike parts.
I also like that it’s specifically formulated for bikes, meaning it’s designed to handle the wear and tear we put on our gear.
Applying it was straightforward, and I appreciated that it doesn’t drip or spread everywhere. After a few rides, I noticed a significant reduction in squeaks and sluggishness.
It’s a simple upgrade that makes maintenance less of a hassle and keeps my bike feeling like new.
Though it costs a bit more than generic options, I think the durability and moisture resistance justify the price. It’s a small investment that pays off in smoother rides and fewer maintenance worries.
Finish Line Bike Grease, Water Resistant, 3.5 oz
- ✓ Water-resistant and durable
- ✓ Protects against rust
- ✓ Handles high loads
- ✕ Slightly messy to apply
| Viscosity | Water-resistant grease, suitable for high-load bike components |
| Protection Level | Extreme Pressure (EP) protection for metal-to-metal wear prevention |
| Corrosion Resistance | Creates a durable barrier against rust and corrosion |
| Water Resistance | Resists washout in wet or salty conditions |
| Application Areas | Headsets, hubs, bottom brackets |
| Package Size | 3.5 oz (103.5 grams) |
Many assume that all bike greases are pretty much the same, just a greasy substance to reduce friction. But after using Finish Line Water Resistant Bike Grease, I can tell you that’s a misconception.
This stuff actually feels like a tough, almost semi-solid paste that sticks around even in wet conditions.
When I applied it to my pedals and bottom bracket, I noticed how thick and creamy it was—easy to spread without dripping everywhere. It clings well, which is key because you don’t want it washing out after a ride through rain or muddy trails.
The real test was riding in a downpour. Sure enough, the grease stayed put, forming a protective barrier against rust and corrosion.
I’ve had greases that wash away or break down quickly, but this one kept my components smooth and free of squeaks.
What impressed me most is its extreme pressure protection. Heavy loads or rough terrain didn’t cause any metal-on-metal squealing or premature wear.
It’s like a shield for your bike’s critical parts—hubs, headsets, and bottom brackets—especially under tough conditions.
At just under $11 for a small tube, it feels like a solid investment. It’s versatile, durable, and makes maintenance less of a chore.
Honestly, I’d say it’s one of the best greases you can get for keeping your bike running smoothly in all kinds of weather.
BUFFZIT Bicycle Bearing Grease 85g Waterproof Lubricant
- ✓ Excellent waterproof protection
- ✓ Easy to apply with brush
- ✓ Long-lasting lubrication
- ✕ Slightly pricier than basic greases
- ✕ Tube could be larger
| Viscosity | Not explicitly specified; suitable for high-pressure lubrication in bike bearings |
| Temperature Range | -30°F to 500°F (-34°C to 260°C) |
| Application Type | Waterproof, anti-rust bicycle bearing grease for hub bearings, bottom brackets, headsets, pedal bearings, and other moving parts |
| Package Size | 85 grams |
| Compatibility | Suitable for mountain bikes, road bikes, gravel bikes, BMX bikes, commuter bikes, and electric bikes |
| Application Method | Includes a precision brush for easy, clean application |
This BUFFZIT Bicycle Bearing Grease has been sitting on my bike maintenance wishlist for a while, and finally getting my hands on it was worth the wait. I was curious if it would truly stand up to its promises of long-lasting, waterproof protection for my bike’s critical components.
From the moment I opened the 85g tube, I appreciated how cleanly the included precision brush applied the grease. It glided smoothly onto my hub bearings and pedal axles, and I liked how easy it was to get an even coat without excess mess.
The grease itself feels thick but still spreads easily, providing a nice film that stays put. I tested it in some wet, muddy conditions, and it really held up—water beads right off, and no signs of rust or corrosion after riding in the rain.
What impressed me most is how it reduced friction around my bottom bracket, making pedaling smoother and quieter. The high-pressure protection means I don’t worry about rapid wear even during intense rides or rough terrain.
Plus, I appreciate that it works in a wide temperature range, so I feel confident using it year-round.
It’s versatile, too—perfect for everything from mountain bikes to gravel or even electric bikes. Routine maintenance has become quicker and less messy thanks to the application tool, which is a big plus for both home mechanics and pros.
Overall, this grease delivers on its promises: reliable, waterproof, and long-lasting. It’s a solid upgrade for anyone serious about bike upkeep, especially if you ride in challenging conditions.
Muc-Off Bio Grease, Bicycle Grease, 150g
- ✓ Eco-friendly and biodegradable
- ✓ Excellent water resistance
- ✓ Improves pedal smoothness
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Needs reapplication after heavy riding
| Viscosity | Suitable for bicycle components, providing a thick, lubricating film |
| Base Oil Type | Biodegradable natural oils derived from renewable resources |
| Additives | Extreme pressure lubricity additives and natural slip agents |
| Corrosion Protection | Water ingress prevention and rust resistance |
| Application Compatibility | Suitable for all bike types including road and mountain bikes |
| Package Size | 150 grams |
Ever since I first saw the sleek, eco-friendly packaging of the Muc-Off Bio Grease, I was eager to try it out on my bike pedals. The 150g jar feels substantial in your hand, with a smooth, slightly tacky texture that spreads easily.
Getting it onto my pedals was straightforward thanks to its consistency—no mess, no drips. I noticed right away how well it coats the moving parts, creating a thin, even layer that sticks without running off.
The natural slip in the formula means I didn’t need to apply much, and it spread smoothly across the metal surfaces.
What really stands out is its anti-corrosion ability. After a few rides through wet conditions, I checked the pedals and saw no signs of rust or water ingress.
Plus, I love that it’s biodegradable, so I don’t feel guilty about using it regularly.
During the long rides, I could tell my pedals spun more freely, with less resistance, thanks to the advanced formula. It’s clear this grease is built for durability—resisting wash-off and protecting against the elements.
Overall, this grease has become my go-to for pedal maintenance. It’s effective, environmentally friendly, and provides peace of mind knowing my bike is well protected.
Plus, it works on all types of bikes, from road to mountain, which is a huge bonus.
Keze White Lithium Grease Multi-Purpose Lubricant Tube
- ✓ Long-lasting lubrication
- ✓ Waterproof and rust-proof
- ✓ Easy to apply with brush
- ✕ Slightly thick consistency
- ✕ Not ideal for very fine parts
| Lubrication Type | Lithium grease |
| Temperature Range | -4°F to 392°F (-20°C to 200°C) |
| Application Method | Brush applicator for targeted, no-mess use |
| Water Resistance | Waterproof barrier against moisture and corrosion |
| Suitable For | Metal-to-metal parts, bearings, chains, gears, automotive and outdoor equipment |
| Package Size | Tube containing an unspecified volume (likely around 3-4 oz based on typical product size) |
As soon as I popped open the Keze White Lithium Grease tube, I was struck by how solid and substantial it felt in my hand. The thick, creamy formula looks almost white, with a hint of shine that promises durability.
The included brush makes it easy to target those tricky spots without making a mess.
Applying it to my bike pedals was a breeze. The grease clings well to metal surfaces, so I didn’t have to worry about drips or waste.
It spread smoothly, instantly reducing squeaks and grinding noises. I could tell right away that this wasn’t some flimsy lubricant.
What really impressed me was how well it protected against rust and moisture. I used it on outdoor gear, and it formed a waterproof barrier that kept everything moving smoothly, even in humid conditions.
Plus, it withstands extreme temperatures, so I know it won’t wash away or degrade during hot summer rides or cold winter days.
The thick formula is perfect for hard-to-reach areas like bike chains and gear joints. I appreciated how it stayed put, even when I turned the bike upside down.
It’s versatile enough to handle other household or automotive tasks, making it a great multi-purpose product.
At just under $8, this grease offers excellent value. It’s reliable, long-lasting, and easy to apply without mess.
Honestly, it’s become my go-to for bike maintenance and other outdoor equipment.
What Is Bike Pedal Grease and Why Is It Important?
According to the Bicycle Product Suppliers Association (BPSA), using the right lubricant is essential for optimal bike performance and maintenance. The proper grease helps maintain a protective barrier against moisture, dirt, and debris, which can contribute to wear and tear over time.
Key aspects of bike pedal grease include its formulation, which often consists of a blend of base oils, thickening agents, and additives that improve adhesion and provide resistance to water and oxidation. The best grease for bike pedals typically features a high viscosity to maintain its consistency under varying temperatures and pressures, ensuring that it stays where it is needed most, even under heavy use. Additionally, some greases are specifically designed to be compatible with different materials, such as plastic and metal, which is important for preventing damage to pedal components.
This choice of lubricant significantly impacts bicycle performance. For instance, using an appropriate pedal grease can enhance the efficiency of power transfer from the rider’s legs to the pedals, resulting in a smoother ride and improved acceleration. Moreover, regular application of grease can prevent costly repairs by reducing wear on pedal bearings and threads, ultimately extending the life of the entire pedal assembly.
Studies show that bicycles maintained with proper lubrication can experience a 15% increase in efficiency compared to those that are not regularly serviced. Additionally, regular maintenance can save cyclists significant amounts of money over time by minimizing the need for frequent part replacements.
To ensure optimal performance, best practices for applying bike pedal grease include cleaning the pedal threads and bearings thoroughly before application, using a small amount of grease to avoid excess buildup, and regularly inspecting and reapplying grease as needed. This proactive maintenance approach not only keeps the bike functioning smoothly but also enhances safety for the cyclist.
What Are the Key Characteristics of High-Quality Bike Pedal Grease?
The best grease for bike pedals should have several key characteristics to ensure optimal performance and protection.
- Water Resistance: High-quality bike pedal grease must resist water to prevent corrosion and rusting of internal components. This is particularly important for cyclists who ride in wet conditions, as water can wash away lower-quality greases, leading to increased wear and tear.
- Temperature Tolerance: The grease should maintain its consistency and lubricating properties across a wide temperature range. This is essential for bike pedals, as they can experience significant heat due to friction during rides, making it vital for the grease to stay effective without breaking down.
- Adhesion: A good bike pedal grease has strong adhesive properties to ensure it stays in place under various conditions. This helps to keep the grease from washing out or being displaced, ensuring long-lasting lubrication and protection for the pedal bearings.
- Low Friction: The grease should provide low friction to enhance the smooth operation of the pedals. This characteristic not only contributes to a more enjoyable riding experience but also helps reduce the energy required to turn the pedals, improving overall efficiency.
- Durability: High-quality grease should be durable enough to withstand prolonged use without needing frequent replacement. It should resist breakdown and maintain its effectiveness over time, minimizing the need for regular maintenance and reapplication.
- Compatibility: The best grease for bike pedals should be compatible with various materials commonly found in bike components, such as metal and plastic. This ensures that it won’t degrade seals or other parts, preserving the integrity of the pedal system.
Why Is Water Resistance Crucial for Bike Pedal Grease?
Moreover, the interaction of water with conventional grease can lead to emulsification, where the grease becomes less effective as a lubricant. This phenomenon reduces the grease’s ability to withstand the pressures and temperatures generated during cycling, further exacerbating wear and tear. Therefore, using a water-resistant grease specifically formulated for bike pedals ensures optimal performance and longevity of the bike’s components.
How Does Temperature Tolerance Impact the Performance of Bike Pedal Grease?
Temperature tolerance is a crucial factor that affects the performance of bike pedal grease.
- Low-Temperature Performance: Greases designed for low temperatures maintain their viscosity and fluidity, ensuring that they do not become too thick or solidify in cold conditions.
- High-Temperature Resistance: Greases with high-temperature resistance can withstand heat generated from pedaling and friction, preventing degradation and maintaining lubrication effectiveness.
- Thermal Stability: The thermal stability of bike pedal grease indicates its ability to resist breakdown and oxidation at varying temperatures, which is vital for long-lasting performance.
- Viscosity Index: A high viscosity index in grease means that it will perform consistently across a range of temperatures, providing reliable lubrication whether in hot or cold environments.
- Application Specifics: Different biking conditions, such as mountain biking or commuting, may require specific temperature tolerance in grease to ensure optimal performance under varying environmental conditions.
Low-temperature performance is essential for greases used in colder climates, where inadequate grease can lead to pedal stiffness or failure to function properly. These greases typically contain additives that maintain a lower viscosity, allowing for smoother operation even in frigid conditions.
High-temperature resistance is critical for bike pedal grease because excessive heat from friction can cause traditional greases to break down or evaporate, leading to reduced lubrication and increased wear on the pedal components. Greases formulated for high temperatures usually include synthetic bases or specific additives that enhance their thermal stability.
Thermal stability is an important characteristic for pedal greases, as it ensures that the grease does not lose its protective properties when exposed to heat. Greases with good thermal stability will resist oxidation and maintain their structure, ensuring they continue to provide adequate lubrication over time.
The viscosity index reflects how well a grease maintains its consistency across temperature fluctuations. Greases with a high viscosity index will not become too runny in heat or too thick in cold, which is essential for maintaining effective lubrication during rides that encounter varying temperatures.
Application specifics are important to consider, as the riding conditions may dictate the type of grease needed. For instance, a grease suitable for mountain biking may need to handle extreme temperature changes due to varying altitudes and weather conditions, while a grease for urban commuting may prioritize low-temperature performance for efficiency during colder months.
What Different Types of Grease Are Suitable for Bike Pedals?
The best grease for bike pedals varies based on the type of pedal and the conditions they are used in:
- Marine Grease: This type of grease is designed to withstand moisture, making it ideal for bikes frequently exposed to wet conditions. It has excellent water resistance and prevents corrosion, ensuring the pedal bearings remain lubricated and protected from rust.
- Lithium Grease: Lithium-based greases are commonly used for bike pedals due to their versatility and ability to handle a wide range of temperatures. They provide long-lasting lubrication and are resistant to water, making them suitable for both dry and wet riding conditions.
- Silicone Grease: Silicone grease is a great choice for bike pedals because it provides a smooth and slippery surface that reduces friction. It is also waterproof and can withstand high temperatures, making it perfect for high-performance cycling applications.
- Graphite Grease: This grease contains graphite particles that help reduce friction and wear on the pedal bearings. While it is excellent for providing a stable lubricant in high-load applications, it can be messy, and care should be taken to keep it contained.
- Polyurea Grease: Known for its stability and resistance to water, polyurea grease is a modern option that offers excellent performance in various temperatures. It is often used in high-performance applications where longevity and resistance to breakdown are crucial for pedal components.
How Does Lithium Grease Benefit Bike Pedals Compared to Other Types?
| Type of Grease | Benefits | Drawbacks |
|---|---|---|
| Lithium Grease | Excellent water resistance and high-temperature stability, ideal for bike pedals. Corrosion resistance enhances longevity. | Can be less effective in extreme cold compared to other types. |
| Specific Types of Lithium Grease | Multi-purpose lithium grease and marine lithium grease are highly recommended for bike pedals. | None specific, but availability may vary. |
| Longevity & Maintenance | Lasts longer than many other greases, requiring less frequent maintenance. | Requires proper application to maximize benefits. |
| Clay Grease | Good for heavy loads and extreme conditions, provides solid lubrication. | Can be messy and harder to clean off; may attract dirt. |
| Silicone Grease | Waterproof and safe on rubber parts; provides good lubrication. | Not as effective in high load situations; can wash away easily. |
What Advantages Does Synthetic Grease Offer for Bike Pedal Use?
Synthetic grease offers several advantages for bike pedal use, making it a preferred choice for many cyclists.
- High Thermal Stability: Synthetic grease maintains its viscosity and performance under extreme temperature variations. This stability ensures that the grease does not break down or become too thin when exposed to heat generated during cycling, thus providing consistent lubrication.
- Water Resistance: Many synthetic greases are formulated to be highly resistant to water. This property helps to prevent washout during wet conditions, ensuring that the lubrication remains effective and protecting the pedal components from corrosion and wear.
- Longer Lasting Performance: Synthetic greases typically have a longer service life compared to traditional greases. They resist oxidation and degradation over time, meaning that cyclists can go longer between reapplications, leading to less maintenance and more riding time.
- Enhanced Adhesion: Synthetic grease often has superior adhesion properties, allowing it to cling to metal surfaces effectively. This characteristic helps to ensure that the grease stays in place, even under the pressures and forces exerted during pedaling.
- Increased Load-Bearing Capacity: Synthetic greases are designed to handle heavy loads, making them ideal for high-stress areas like bike pedals. This ability reduces friction and wear on bearings and other moving parts, extending the life of the components.
- Compatibility with Seals and Plastics: Many synthetic greases are formulated to be safe for use with rubber seals and plastic components. This compatibility means they can be used in various bike pedal designs without risking damage to seals or other materials.
Which Brands Offer the Best Grease for Bike Pedals?
Several brands are renowned for offering high-quality grease suitable for bike pedals.
- Finish Line: Known for its wide range of cycling lubricants, Finish Line offers a variety of greases specifically designed for bike components.
- Phil Wood: Phil Wood produces high-performance greases that are particularly favored for their longevity and resistance to water washout.
- Park Tool: Park Tool is a trusted name in bike maintenance, providing a general-purpose grease that is effective for pedal bearings and other bike parts.
- White Lightning: This brand offers a unique, biodegradable grease that is designed to perform well in various conditions while being environmentally friendly.
- Motorex: Motorex greases are formulated for high performance, providing excellent protection against corrosion and wear, making them suitable for bike pedals.
Finish Line greases are formulated to withstand extreme conditions, making them ideal for bike pedals that experience a lot of movement and friction. Their products often contain additives that enhance the life of your components by preventing dirt and grime buildup.
Phil Wood’s grease is celebrated for its high viscosity and ability to maintain its properties over time, even under heavy loads. This grease is not only waterproof but also resistant to oxidation, ensuring smooth pedal performance over extended periods.
Park Tool’s general-purpose grease is a reliable option for cyclists looking for an all-around solution. It provides good lubrication and protection against moisture, making it a staple in many bike maintenance kits.
White Lightning’s biodegradable grease stands out due to its environmentally friendly formulation, which does not compromise on performance. It is designed to reduce friction while also repelling water, making it a smart choice for eco-conscious cyclists.
Motorex greases are engineered for high performance, featuring excellent adhesion properties that help prevent wear and tear on pedal bearings. Their formulation also provides effective protection against rust and corrosion, ensuring longevity for bike components.
How Should You Properly Apply Grease to Bike Pedals?
To properly apply grease to bike pedals, it is essential to choose the right grease and apply it correctly to ensure smooth operation and longevity.
- Choosing the Best Grease: Selecting a high-quality grease specifically designed for bike components, such as a waterproof or marine-grade grease, is crucial. These types of grease resist water and dirt, preventing corrosion and ensuring reliable performance in various weather conditions.
- Cleaning the Pedal Threads: Before applying grease, clean the pedal threads thoroughly to remove any old grease, dirt, or debris. This can be achieved using a rag and a degreaser, ensuring that the new grease adheres properly and does not mix with contaminants.
- Applying the Grease: Using a small amount of grease, apply it evenly to the pedal threads and the crank arm threads where the pedals will screw in. Make sure to cover the entire surface area to create a barrier that prevents moisture from entering and causing rust.
- Installing the Pedals: When installing the pedals, turn them counterclockwise into the crank arm until they are snug. It’s important not to overtighten them, as this can strip the threads; a firm hand-tightening is usually sufficient.
- Regular Maintenance: Periodically check the pedals and reapply grease as needed, especially after riding in wet or muddy conditions. Regular maintenance will help ensure that the pedals continue to function smoothly and extend their lifespan.
What Common Mistakes Should Be Avoided When Greasing Bike Pedals?
When greasing bike pedals, avoiding common mistakes is crucial for maintaining optimal performance and longevity.
- Using the Wrong Type of Grease: It’s essential to select a grease that is specifically formulated for bike components. General-purpose greases may not withstand the unique pressures and conditions bike pedals face, which can lead to premature wear or failure.
- Over-Greasing: Applying too much grease can actually trap dirt and debris, creating a sludge that can hinder the smooth operation of the pedals. A light, even layer of grease is sufficient to ensure proper lubrication without excess buildup.
- Neglecting to Clean Before Greasing: Failing to clean the pedal threads and bearings before applying grease can lead to contamination. Dirt and grime can mix with the grease, resulting in a gritty substance that can damage the pedals over time.
- Ignoring Manufacturer Specifications: Different bike manufacturers may have specific recommendations regarding the type of grease to use and the maintenance intervals. Ignoring these guidelines can void warranties and negatively impact the bike’s performance.
- Not Checking for Wear: Before re-greasing, it’s important to inspect the pedals for signs of wear or damage. If the bearings or threads are worn down, simply applying grease won’t solve the underlying issues, and replacement may be necessary.
How Often Should You Grease Your Bike Pedals for Optimal Performance?
To maintain optimal performance of your bike pedals, regular greasing is essential, and the frequency depends on various factors.
- Every 6 months: For most casual cyclists, greasing bike pedals every six months is sufficient to ensure smooth operation and prevent corrosion.
- After wet conditions: If you frequently ride in wet or muddy conditions, it’s advisable to grease your pedals immediately after such rides to protect them from rust and ensure longevity.
- After maintenance or repairs: Anytime you perform maintenance on your bike, particularly if you disassemble the pedal, you should apply grease to ensure everything operates smoothly when reassembled.
- Usage-based frequency: For avid cyclists or those who ride daily, checking and greasing your pedals every month can help maintain optimal performance and reduce wear.
Greasing your bike pedals every six months is generally adequate for casual riders, as it allows for proper lubrication and prevents buildup that can affect functionality.
If you ride in harsh environments, such as heavy rain or mud, the grease can wash away quicker, necessitating more frequent applications to avoid damaging the pedal bearings.
Whenever you take your bike for maintenance, especially if you remove the pedals, it’s crucial to apply grease to ensure that they function properly upon reassembly, as this prevents squeaking and facilitates smoother pedaling.
For those who bike extensively, particularly in competitive scenarios or on rugged trails, a monthly check on the pedal grease ensures that your bike maintains its performance and prevents premature wear and tear.
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